THE FOUR CASTES

[Ms Tercy Lonan]

THE FOUR CASTES
In Purusha-Sukta of the Rig-Veda, there is reference to the division of Hindu society into
four classes. It is described there that the Brahmanas came out of the face of the Lord, the Creator,
Kshatriyas from His arms, Vaisyas from His thighs, and the Sudras from His feet.
This division is according to the Guna and Karma. Guna (quality) and Karma (kind of work)
determine the caste of a man. This is supported by Lord Krishna in the Gita, also. He says in the
Gita: “The four castes were emanated by Me, by the different distribution of qualities and actions.
Know Me to be the author of them, though the actionless and inexhaustible” (Ch. IV-13).
There are three qualities or Gunas, viz., Sattva (purity), Rajas (passion) and Tamas (inertia).
Sattva is white, Rajas is red and Tamas is black. These three qualities are found in man in varying
proportions. Sattva preponderates in some persons. They are Brahmanas. They are wise persons or
thinkers. They are the priests, ministers or philosophers who guide kings or rulers. In some, Rajas is
predominant. They are Kshatriyas. They are warriors or men of action. They fight with the enemies
or invaders and defend the country. In some, Tamas is predominant. They are Vaisyas or traders.
They do business and agriculture and amass wealth. Sudras are the servants. None of these qualities
is highly developed in them. They serve the other three castes.
In a broad sense, a Sattvic man, who is pious and virtuous and leads the divine life, is a
Brahmana, a Rajasic man with heroic quality is a Kshatriya, a Rajasic man with business tendencies
is a Vaisya and a Tamasic man is a Sudra. Hitler and Mussolini were Kshatriyas. Ford was a Vaisya.
Serenity, self-restraint, austerity, purity, forgiveness, and also, uprightness, knowledge,
Realisation and belief in God are the duties of the Brahmanas, born of (their own) nature. Prowess,
splendour, firmness, dexterity, and also, not flying from battle, generosity and lordliness are the
duties of the Kshatriyas, born of (their own) nature. Agriculture, cattle-rearing and trade are the

duties of the Vaisyas, born of (their own) nature. And action consisting of service is the duty of the
Sudras, born of (their own) nature.